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By: Karen Patton Alexander, MD

  • Professor of Medicine
  • Member in the Duke Clinical Research Institute

https://medicine.duke.edu/faculty/karen-patton-alexander-md

We also administered a brief web-based national survey to purchase reglan 10 mg overnight delivery gastritis pain treatment a select number of school districts that have successfully changed their school start times to purchase 10mg reglan gastritis translation obtain more specific information on methods and the process used to generic 10mg reglan mastercard gastritis wiki change schedules and gain community support. Finally, we conducted in-depth telephone interviews with personnel and stakeholders in several school districts to further identify and discuss challenges, opportunities and lessons learned in more detail. The outcomes of this review process are presented as follows: 1) a summary grid of selected schools that have delayed start times with demographics, change strategies employed and additional comments, 2) results of the national school start times survey, and 3) in-depth case studies. An historical timeline of school start time change and advances in knowledge of sleep and circadian biology is included in the Appendix. Finally, after reviewing all of the available information on the process of school start time change from a wide variety of sources as described above, we developed an integration and summary of the most common and salient points likely to best inform other school districts. While not necessarily exhaustive, as each school district has both unique challenges and solutions, the ten key messages, categorized according to major content themes, represent principles that have a basic foundation in successful implementation of start time change and are those that are most applicable to the majority of school districts, no matter their size or complexity of issues. It is our hope that this information will not only assist Fairfax County Public Schools in charting a course forward but will also be a useful tool for other school districts looking to protect the health, safety and academic opportunities of their students. Introduction Many studies have documented that the average adolescent in the United States is chronically sleep deprived and pathologically sleepy. As a result, many high school students are at risk for adverse consequences of insufficient sleep including impairments in mood, affect regulation, attention, memory, behavior control, executive function, and impulse control. In particular, many studies have shown an association between decreased sleep duration and lower academic achievement at the middle school, high school, and college levels, as well as higher rates of absenteeism and tardiness, and decreased motivation to learn (1,2). Other documented health-related effects of sleep loss in adolescents include increased use of stimulants. Adolescents are also at greater risk for drowsy driving-related crashes, as well as athletic and other injuries, due to insufficient sleep (4). Chronic sleep restriction increases subsequent risk of both cardiovascular disease and metabolic dysfunction such as type 2 diabetes (5). While a number of factors, including biological changes in sleep, lifestyle choices and academic demands impact upon sleep in students, the evidence strongly supports that early school start times. Numerous studies have demonstrated that early start times significantly impede high school students? abilities to obtain sufficient sleep (10, 11). From a biological perspective, at about the time of the onset of puberty, adolescents begin to experience a sleep-wake phase delay? (later sleep onset and wake times), as a result of well documented changes in circadian rhythms. This is manifested as a shift in the fall-asleep time to about two-hours later relative to middle childhood. At the same time, adolescent sleep needs do not decline significantly from pre-adolescent levels, and optimal sleep amounts remain in the range of 8. On a practical level, this means that the average adolescent cannot fall asleep before 11 pm and has significant difficulty in waking before 8 am (13). A substantial body of research has now demonstrated that delaying school start times is an effective countermeasure to chronic sleep loss and has a wide range of potential benefits for students in regard to physical and mental health, safety, and academic achievement. Studies comparing high schools with start times even just 30 minutes earlier to those with later start times demonstrate adverse consequences such as shorter sleep duration, increased sleepiness, difficulty concentrating, behavior problems, and more school absences (14-16). Scientific literature has confirmed that delaying high school start times results in increased total sleep time, decreased tardiness rates and absenteeism, improved performance on standardized tests, reduced self-reported depression, and fewer automobile crashes (17, 18). A precise tally of public high schools that have delayed school start times nationwide is not available, partly due to the fact that this tends to be a moving target, as more schools and districts make the decision to implement bell time changes. To the best of our knowledge, approximately 1,000 schools in some 70 school districts have taken this step. Importantly, only a handful of schools have subsequently returned to the original earlier bell time. It is an important but under-appreciated fact that early high school start times are a relatively recent phenomenon that evolved as a result of factors, which had little to do with academics or what is best for the health and well-being of students. The overwhelming majority of modern day bell schedules in American public high schools are historically based on such adult? considerations as school budgets, transportation logistics, parent work schedules, athletics, staff commute times, and 3 33 community use of fields and facilities. By and large, districts did not take into consideration the evolving scientific literature on biologically-based changes in sleep patterns and circadian rhythms associated with puberty and the evidence linking early school start times with detriments in the health, safety and well-being of students.

Codes in this field are based on the Census Boundary files from the 1990 Decennial Census discount reglan 10mg syarat diet gastritis. Codes in this field are based on the Census Boundary files from the 2000 Decennial Census buy 10 mg reglan visa gastritis gallbladder. This code should be used for county and county-based rates and analysis for all cases diagnosed in 2000-2009 discount reglan online mastercard gastritis loose stools. Codes in this field are based on the Census Boundary files from the 2010 Decennial Census. This code should be used for county and county-based rates and analysis for all cases diagnosed in 2010-2019. The county of the patient is unknown, or the patient is not a United States resident. State is coded according to the United States Postal Service abbreviation for the state. Coding Instructions Assign the most specific code possible from Appendix B of this manual. It is a derived (geocoded) variable based on Census Boundary files from 1970, 1980, or 1990 Decennial Census. It is a derived (geocoded) variable based on Census Boundary files from 2000 Decennial Census. It is a derived (geocoded) variable based on Census Boundary files from 2010 Decennial Census. This field allows a central registry to add year 2010 Census tracts to cases diagnosed in previous years without losing the codes in the fields Census Tract 1970/80/90 and Census Tract 2000 which are only collected historically. A census tract is a small statistical subdivision of a county that, in general, has between 2,500 and 8,000 residents. Census Bureau establish census tract boundaries and try to keep the same boundaries from census to census to maintain historical comparability, though this is not always possible. When populations increase or decrease, old tracts may be subdivided, disappear, or have their boundaries changed. Because the census tracts do change, it is important to know which census tract definition is used to code them. Codes Census tract codes 000100-999998 Special Codes Code Description 000000 Area not census-tracted 999999 Area census-tracted, but census tract is not available Blank Census Tract 2010 not coded Coding Instructions 1. Census tract codes should be assigned based on a computer match (geocoding software) 3. Census tracts are identified by four-digit numbers ranging from 0001 to 9989 and a two-digit suffix 4. Assign code 999999 when an area does have an assigned census tract but the census tract is not available 5. Add the suffix as the fifth and sixth digits if it exists; otherwise, use 00 so all six positions are coded. Census tract certainty records how the 2010 census tract was assigned for an individual record. Central registry staff should code this field manually when geocoding is not available through a vendor service. Code 5 has priority over code 9 Note: Codes 1-5 and 9 are usually assigned by a geocoding vendor, while code 6 is usually assigned through a special effort by the central registry. Assign code 1 when the census tract is assigned with certainty based on complete and valid street address 2. Cases diagnosed since 2005 are assigned a code based on the American Community Survey data that is published annually using the diagnosis year. The codes separate counties into metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan counties based on the population size, and on proximity to a metro area for nonmetropolitan counties. Codes for this data item can be derived electronically using the state and county at diagnosis. The variable can be an indicator of access to recreation, access to food stores, exposures to pollutants, crime levels, social cohesion, etc. Collecting the variable with each decennial census allows for retrospective and cross-sectional epidemiologic analysis. Leave the year, month and/or day blank when they cannot be calculated or are unknown.

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Anyone who watched the show regularly can remember William Shatner 10mg reglan sale gastritis diet eggs, held in thrall by a penny fortune-telling machine in a cheesy restaurant located in a one-stoplight town ("Nick of Time"); Everett Sloane succumbing to purchase 10mg reglan with mastercard chronic gastritis meal plan gambling mania in "The Fever generic reglan 10mg fast delivery gastritis diet ������," and the hoarse, metallic cry of the coins ("Fraa-aaanklin! The Twilight Zone also showcased a wide range of performers (Ed Wynn, Kennan Wynn, Buster Keaton, Jack Klugman, Franchot Tone, Art Carney, Pippa Scott, Robert Redford, and Cloris Leachman among others), writers, and directors (Buzz Kulik, Stuart Rosenberg, and Ted Post, to name a few). It frequently featured startling and exciting music by the late Bernard Herrmann; the best special effects were done by William Tuttle, probably only second to Dick Smith (or the new makeup genius, Tom Savini) in wizardry. Rod Serling was only able to do so much in the name of Kimberly-Clark and Chesterfield Kings. MacDonald ("The Morning After"), and fans of the bizarre will remember the episode where the cops ate the murder weapon?a leg of lamb. This videotaped drama is both moody and romantic; Jourdan gives a more effective performance than Frank Langella in the John Badham film, and the scenes of Dracula crawling down the wall of his castle are marvelous. Jack Palance has also played Dracula on television (in another Matheson screenplay and another Dan Curtis production) and did quite well by the Count. Most television series have ranged from the ludicrous (Land of the Giants) to the utterly inane (The Munsters, Struck by Lightning). In fine, the history of horror and fantasy on television is a short and tacky one. An uneasy concept, and some of these books scared the hell out of me even as they were delighting me. My plan is to discuss ten books that seem representative of everything in the genre that is fine: the horror story as both literature and entertainment, a living part of twentieth-century literature, and worthy successors to such books as Frankenstein, Dr. They are books and stories which seem to me to fulfill the primary duty of literature?to tell us the truth about ourselves by telling us lies about people who never existed. Some of the books discussed here have been "best sellers"; some have been written by members of the so-called "fantasy community"; some have been written by people with no interest in fantasy or the supernatural for its own sake, but who have seen it as a particularly useful tool to be used once and then perhaps put aside forever (although many have also found that the use of this tool is apt to become habit-forming). Most of them?even those which cannot be neatly pigeonholed as "best sellers"?have been steady sellers across the years, probably because the horror tale, which is regarded by most serious critics in about the same light that Dr. I hope that by discussing these ten books, I can dilate upon those virtues of story and entertainment and perhaps even indicate some of the themes which seems to run through most good horror stories. For all of their mythic hold over us, the field of the supernatural is a narrow one in the greater spread of general literature. We can depend on the reappearance of the Vampire, and our furry friend (who sometimes wears its fur on the inside) the Werewolf, and the Thing Without a Name. And we may also find that narcissism is the major difference between the old horror fiction and the new; that the monsters are no longer just due on Maple Street, but may pop up in our own mirrors?at any time. The fact that these three books, all published within five years of each other, enjoyed such wide popularity, helped to convince (or reconvince) publishers that horror fiction had a commercial potential much wider than the readership of such defunct magazines as Weird Tales and Unknown or the paperback reissues of Arkham House books. August Derleth, the founder of this small Wisconsin-based publishing house, was a rather uninspired novelist of the Sinclair Lewis school and an editor of pure genius: Arkham was first to publish H. The resulting scrambling to get the next "big" shiver-and-shake novel produced some really terrible books. As a further result, the wave had begun to withdraw by the mid-seventies, and more traditional best-sellers began to reappear: stories of sex, big business, sex, spies, gay sex, doctors in trouble, kinky sex, historical romances, sexy celebrities, war stories, and sex. But that first heady rush is over, and editors in New York no longer automatically scramble for the Standard Contract Form and fill in a meaty advance as soon as something in the story comes out of the woodwork. It was not his first novel; he had published a novel called Marriages?a nonsupernatural "this-is-the-way-we-live-now" sort of story?two years previous. Although Straub is an American, he and his wife lived in England and Ireland for ten years, and in both execution and intent, Julia is an English ghost story. When the girl leaves, Julia digs up the hole, discovering first a knife and then the mutilated corpse of a turtle. This reflection back upon the botched tracheotomy is elegant, but it has little heat. Two years later Straub published a second supernatural novel, If You Could See Me Now. Like Julia, If You Could See Me Now is a novel occupied with the idea of the revenant, that vengeful spirit from an undead past. It has been suggested that Ross McDonald is writing gothics rather than private eye novels; it could be said that Peter Straub is writing gothics rather than horror novels. What distinguishes his work in Julia, If You Could See Me Now, and, most splendidly, in Ghost Story is his refusal to view the gothic conventions as static ones. All three of these books have much in common with the classic gothics of the genre?The Castle of Otranto, the Monk, Melmoth the Wanderer, even Frankenstein (although in terms of its telling, Frankenstein is actually less a gothic and more a modern novel than Ghost Story)?they are all books where the past eventually becomes more important than the present.

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References:

  • http://www.aag.org/galleries/conference-files/AAG_2017_Printed_Program__FULL.pdf
  • https://tranbaothanh.files.wordpress.com/2016/09/cateora_graham_international-marketing.pdf
  • https://192.231.68.11/Office%20of%20Academic%20Affairs/files/ummc_bulletin_2014-15_summer.pdf
  • https://www.arvo.org/globalassets/annual-meeting/program/arvo-am19-pocket-guide.pdf
  • https://liverfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Clinical_Trials.pdf